The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay Example For Students

The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay me: The cons Leisure is something that I feel is important in everyones lives today, although not everyone is accessible to certain types of leisure. I feel in some way leisure has an effect on everyones lives in America, from those in poverty to the Bill Gates of the world. For some people leisure might be going to the park to picnic or just play basketball, but to others it is taking an exotic trip to another country. Whatever form of leisure each individual enjoys or can afford this leisure is most likely having a positive effect on their lives and is almost a necessity to them. This is not just my opinion it is also said by Kelly(1990) that, Some indications have been presented that leisure is increasingly important in the value schemes and schedule of modern western adults(p. We will write a custom essay on The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 11). Kelly states some of the benefits of leisure are: Self expression, companionship, integration of mind and body or Physical health, a needed contrast or rhythm in the work constrained schedule, rest and relaxation, a chance to try something new and to meet new people, to build relationships to consolidate the family, to get in touch with nature, to test oneself in risk or competition, to meet the expectations of people who are important to them, and to just feel good without analyzing why(p.12). I agree with Kelly and feel that these are some of the main reasons as to why leisure is an eccentric part in each individuals lives and that each member that contributes to society in some positive way should have a chance to participate in some form of leisure. Yet this is where the individuals economic status comes into play. Not everyone is able to pursue desired leisure activities but many struggle to experience the normal types of leisure, such as watching television or listening to music. Many politicians argue that raising the minimum wage will help the lower class and give them greater opportunities in society, but I beg to differ. I believe that the minimum wage should not be raised because it is in actuality not helping the economically lower class but hurting them. The minimum wage was established in 1928 at a wage rate of 25 cents. The minimum wage is a price that is imposed by the federal government on the labor market. The central aim of establishing a minimum wage was to increase the standard of living among low skill wage earners. Since its introduction the minimum wage has been raised sixteen times in an effort to try and keep up with inflation. In 1989, President Bush signed an increase in the minimum wage from $3.35 to $4.25. In 1995 President Clinton and his economic advisers decided the minimum wage should be raise to $4.75 by July 1995, and to $5.15 by July 1996. (In formation provided by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research 1996.) It is now being argued again by Clinton and his advisers that the minimum wage should be raised beyond its current level of $5.15. They claim they are looking out for todays poor working men and women, however increasing the minimum wage is a misguided and wrongheaded policy that will do far more to hurt the poor then help them. First of all when you look at American families there are a few different aspects to examine when looking at their wages. As stated by the National Center for Political Analysis (June 9, 1998), first of all about ten percent of families have less than $10,000 income and about thirty two percent of families have incomes of $50,000 or more, but surprisingly only fifteen percent of low wage workers are in the lowest income families. .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .postImageUrl , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:hover , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:visited , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:active { border:0!important; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:active , .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3 .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua816417b8c6410261b3ab3f2c068ded3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Looking Out The Window Essay This means that most of the low wageworkers or those making minimum wage are either teenagers or secondary earners for the family. Usually teenagers are not the ones supporting the family for leisure, rather the parents. So this is not going to benefit the low-income families. Yet why do low-income families have low incomes? Usually it is not because of the low wages people are being paid but rather no wages at all. Many of these people do not . The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay Example For Students The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay me: The cons Leisure is something that I feel is important in everyones lives today, although not everyone is accessible to certain types of leisure. I feel in some way leisure has an effect on everyones lives in America, from those in poverty to the Bill Gates of the world. For some people leisure might be going to the park to picnic or just play basketball, but to others it is taking an exotic trip to another country. Whatever form of leisure each individual enjoys or can afford this leisure is most likely having a positive effect on their lives and is almost a necessity to them. This is not just my opinion it is also said by Kelly(1990) that, Some indications have been presented that leisure is increasingly important in the value schemes and schedule of modern western adults(p. We will write a custom essay on The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 11). Kelly states some of the benefits of leisure are: Self expression, companionship, integration of mind and body or Physical health, a needed contrast or rhythm in the work constrained schedule, rest and relaxation, a chance to try something new and to meet new people, to build relationships to consolidate the family, to get in touch with nature, to test oneself in risk or competition, to meet the expectations of people who are important to them, and to just feel good without analyzing why(p.12). I agree with Kelly and feel that these are some of the main reasons as to why leisure is an eccentric part in each individuals lives and that each member that contributes to society in some positive way should have a chance to participate in some form of leisure. Yet this is where the individuals economic status comes into play. Not everyone is able to pursue desired leisure activities but many struggle to experience the normal types of leisure, such as watching television or listening to music. Many politicians argue that raising the minimum wage will help the lower class and give them greater opportunities in society, but I beg to differ. I believe that the minimum wage should not be raised because it is in actuality not helping the economically lower class but hurting them. The minimum wage was established in 1928 at a wage rate of 25 cents. The minimum wage is a price that is imposed by the federal government on the labor market. The central aim of establishing a minimum wage was to increase the standard of living among low skill wage earners. Since its introduction the minimum wage has been raised sixteen times in an effort to try and keep up with inflation. In 1989, President Bush signed an increase in the minimum wage from $3.35 to $4.25. In 1995 President Clinton and his economic advisers decided the minimum wage should be raise to $4.75 by July 1995, and to $5.15 by July 1996. (In formation provided by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research 1996.) It is now being argued again by Clinton and his advisers that the minimum wage should be raised beyond its current level of $5.15. They claim they are looking out for todays poor working men and women, however increasing the minimum wage is a misguided and wrongheaded policy that will do far more to hurt the poor then help them. First of all when you look at American families there are a few different aspects to examine when looking at their wages. As stated by the National Center for Political Analysis (June 9, 1998), first of all about ten percent of families have less than $10,000 income and about thirty two percent of families have incomes of $50,000 or more, but surprisingly only fifteen percent of low wage workers are in the lowest income families. .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .postImageUrl , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:hover , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:visited , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:active { border:0!important; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:active , .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90 .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fef01c698e867cee463fc3de8bdac90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The First Impression Essay This means that most of the low wageworkers or those making minimum wage are either teenagers or secondary earners for the family. Usually teenagers are not the ones supporting the family for leisure, rather the parents. So this is not going to benefit the low-income families. Yet why do low-income families have low incomes? Usually it is not because of the low wages people are being paid but rather no wages at all. Many of these people do not . The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay Example For Students The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti Essay me: The consLeisure is something that I feel is important in everyones lives today, although not everyone is accessible to certain types of leisure. I feel in some way leisure has an effect on everyones lives in America, from those in poverty to the Bill Gates of the world. For some people leisure might be going to the park to picnic or just play basketball, but to others it is taking an exotic trip to another country. Whatever form of leisure each individual enjoys or can afford this leisure is most likely having a positive effect on their lives and is almost a necessity to them. We will write a custom essay on The effects of minimum wage on leisure and free ti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is not just my opinion it is also said by Kelly(1990) that, Some indications have been presented that leisure is increasingly important in the value schemes and schedule of modern western adults(p.11). Kelly states some of the benefits of leisure are:Self expression, companionship, integration of mind and body or Physical health, a needed contrast or rhythm in the work constrained schedule, rest and relaxation, a chance to try something new and to meet new people, to build relationships to consolidate the family, to get in touch with nature, to test oneself in risk or competition, to meet the expectations of people who are important to them, andto just feel good without analyzing why(p.12). I agree with Kelly and feel that these are some of the main reasons as to why leisure is an eccentric part in each individuals lives and that each member that contributes to society in some positive way should have a chance to participate in some form of leisure. Yet this is where the individuals economic status comes into play. Not everyone is able to pursue desired leisure activities but many struggle to experience the normal types of leisure, such as watching television or listening to music. Many politicians argue that raising the minimum wage will help the lower class and give them greater opportunities in society, but I beg to differ. I believe that the minimum wage should not be raised because it is in actuality not helping the economically lower class but hurting them. The minimum wage was established in 1928 at a wage rate of 25 cents. The minimum wage is a price that is imposed by the federal government on the labor market. The central aim of establishing a minimum wage was to increase the standard of living among low skill wage earners. Since its introduction the minimum wage has been raised sixteen times in an effort to try and keep up with inflation. In 1989, President Bush signed an increase in the minimum wage from $3.35 to $4.25. In 1995 President Clinton and his economic advisers decided the minimum wage should be raise to $4.75 by July 1995, and to $5.15 by July 1996. (In formation provided by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research 1996.) It is now being argued again by Clinton and his advisers that the minimum wage should be raised beyond its current level of $5.15. They claim they are looking out for todays poor working men and women, however increasing the minimum wage is a misguided and wrongheaded policy that will d o far more to hurt the poor then help them. First of all when you look at American families there are a few different aspects to examine when looking at their wages. As stated by the National Center for Political Analysis (June 9, 1998), first of all about ten percent of families have less than $10,000 income and about thirty two percent of families have incomes of $50,000 or more, but surprisingly only fifteen percent of low wage workers are in the lowest income families. This means that most of the low wageworkers or those making minimum wage are either teenagers or secondary earners for the family. Usually teenagers are not the ones supporting the family for leisure, rather the parents. So this is not going to benefit the low-income families. Yet why do low-income families have low incomes? Usually it is not because of the low wages people are being paid but rather no wages at all. Many of these people do not have the skill required to get a decent paying job. In fact many people do not have their high school diploma.This l eads me in to one of the main reasons as to why I am in opposition of increasing the minimum wage. As the minimum wage increases it has been concluded by a long line of research that this action reduces employment. As I said earlier many people do not have jobs because they do not have the skills, this is going to make it even more difficult for low-income people to get a job. The employer is going to hire a fewer number of people because they must pay the people they hire a larger salary. This goes back to the law of supply and demand because just as a worker will only offer his labor time for a wage he finds beneficial, so an employer will only be willing to pay a certain number of workers that permits themselves to make a profit. If the low-income families do not have a job I believe it is going to be extremely difficult to participate in many forms of leisure. It would be next to impossible for families to go on a vacation without a job because welfare only meets the bare necess ities. I am not saying you have to travel or spend money to experience leisure, but it sure does help. There are many forms of leisure you can engage in without spending money such as sex, reading, yard work and so on. Yet as said in Kelly(1990), most of the forms of leisure represented in public are those who contribute the most to the economy. So things such as the upkeep of public basketball courts or keeping a pond nice and clean so people can fish (those activities that do not require much money), are probably going to be ignored by the public and these are some forms of leisure that low income families can participate in. .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .postImageUrl , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:hover , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:visited , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:active { border:0!important; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:active , .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30 .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee643f0059a9b8b0e2adfa192d049e30:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Preparing to Conduct Business in China EssayAs if not being employed is not enough of a burden. As the NationalCenter of Political Analysis states, the minimum wage increases the cost of goods and services produced with low wage labor-goods that are disproportionally purchased by low-income families. So if obviously goods such as food or normal living supplies are going to be raised then the low-income people are going to struggle just to buy these goods and pay their bills. The issue once again goes back to money and that without money certain types of leisure are almost unattainable by the lower income population.(e.g. traveling vacations, pro sports events, going to the movies, etc.)As I stated earlier I feel every individual who contributes to society in a positive way should experience some form of leisure. Basically anyone who can keep a job whether it be from McDonalds to the president of a large law firm needs leisure. It has been proved that there are many positive effects of leisure, such as it relieves stress and has a positive effect on peoples health, just to name a few. So inevitably people need leisure but many times it is accessible through money. With an increase in the minimum wage not only are the economically lower or working class going to struggle to find a job but as well keep a job and this is going to digger a deeper hole for the low income class to experience leisure. Secondly if there is an increase in goods such as food or personal hygiene products, how are they going to manage to purchase these materials as well as purchase leisure? So the two main factors that are going to kill the working class of our society if the min imum wage is increased is one there will be a severe reduction in employment because the employer has to make a profit. It will also be even harder to keep a job because only the most skilled will be kept because it once again goes back to supply and demand and the employer cant afford to pay so many workers at a higher minimum wage that he can not make a profit. The second being that the prices of normal goods will increase, such as gas, groceries and normal living supplies and most families have a set amount of money to spend on these supplies that if their price increases that will cut back on the money spent on leisure. Inevitably if there is a raise in the minimum wage it is only going to hurt the economic status of the lower and working class and these are the individuals or families who are struggling to obtain some forms of leisure.

Song Analysis Research Paper Example

Song Analysis Research Paper Example Song Analysis Paper Song Analysis Paper Creative artist’s basic objective in writing a musical piece is to express and communicate as well as convey certain thoughts, emotions, and states of being to his listeners. These thoughts, feelings, and emotions are results of the composer’s personal views about the world he lives in.   He expresses these feelings and emotions through the musical language that he knows with directness and powerful communicative ability no other art expression can ever give meaning to. The song â€Å"I Don’t Want To Be† by Gavin DeGraw is a song about a person who is unhappy and who desperately seeks attention, identity, as well as love and care from parents and friends. He is a person who’s tired of his life, a person who’s long been wanting peace of mind because all through out his life, he’s been searching and looking for the meaning of his existence. The person reflected in the song is a person who is suffering from despair, anxiety, sadness, emptiness, and anger. A person who lost self-worth, identity and meaning in life. A person who is struggling to live due to confusion and distrust in the world that he lives in, one who lost his worth after so much struggles and bad experiences. These emotions are reflected in the following lyrics: I don’t have to be anyone other than the birth of two souls in one part of where I’m going, is knowing where I’m coming from; All I have to do is think of me and have peace of mind; I’m tired of looking round rooms’ wondering what I’ve got to do and who I’m supposed to be; I’m surrounded by liars, impostors, and identity crisis; Can I have everyone’s attention please? There are reasons behind a person’s unhappiness and discontentment in life. It might be that he is not satisfied with â€Å"what he is†, â€Å"where he is†, and â€Å"what has†. He may not be living according to his moral standards, expectations and his knowledge of what is just and right. He might not be the person he wishes to become thus, he is unhappy, displaced, feel neglected and in great pain. Life is a process of self-validation, of life-long learning, of trying to overcome life’s trials and struggles. Each of us possesses capacities, potentials, and capabilities that help us combat our fears and problems. God gave us wisdom to be able to distinguish or determine the right from wrong. All of us experience tough moments and situations in our lives that sometimes, we think and feel, we are alone and no one cares for us. It is at this point when our basis of self-worth and identity is shaken and the meaning of our personal existence diminishes. Being criticized and ignored is one of the most self-invalidating experiences because our life revolves around social relationships and self-concept. It hurts our feelings and egos when people treated  Ã‚   us someone inferior or unworthy of their attention and respect. Losing someone dear to us can also create extreme pain and loneliness as well as loss of primary support system. When we are surrounded by people who do not believe in us, we feel unappreciated and invalidated. As we go through personal developmental changes in life, our intimacy need is also changed- from a need for protection and approval to the need of being fully understood, accepted, and connected emotionally and spiritually. When these needs are not met, we experience turmoil and lack of self-validation. We fail to value our self-worth and competence. We lose our confidence and self-respect and we become unhappy, hopeless, and directionless. Generally, it is the role of parents to provide us solid psychological, emotional, and spiritual foundation. When they fail to provide us these healthy experiences, we become inferior and not confident with our selves. Skills, self-concept, self-confidence, self-esteem, as well as interpersonal skills should be honed or cultivated at the early age of an individual. When these are needs are met, certainly the individual becomes mature, confident, happier, positive and appreciative of his self and of his life. Because it is only when a person loves himself that he can love others, when he accepts himself that he accept others, and only when his needs are met can he meet the needs of others. Foremost, it is only when a person forgives himself that he can forgive others. Almost everyone encounters or experiences a time when life is shattered by a crisis event. Very few realizes that an upsetting experience can actually have a positive outcome, that which leads to an increased personal maturity. When these experiences are dealt with appropriately, we certainly will become the person that we hope to be. And we will be happier, contented, productive, and most of all, appreciative about ourselves, the people around us, and our life. As created by God, we are architects and engineers of our own lives as we design our future ourselves. It is actually us who choose our destinies and our fates.

A Game of Chance: Eat at Your Own Risk around Northeastern Essay

For freshmen, it's about getting away from the cafeteria. For upperclassmen, it's either not knowing how to cook or not having enough time to cook. When it comes to food at Northeastern University -- eating out is king. However, many students never consider what goes on behind the scenes at one of the local eateries on or near campus. Most probably don't want to know, caring more about the cheap menu than how the food is prepared. The feeling remains that as long as the food is good, then the restaurant too is good. Yet, when someone gets sick from the meal, it then becomes an issue. In and around campus, some restaurants are giving some of their customers more than they bargained for. According to the Boston Inspections Department's health inspections reports, some of the restaurants around campus such as University House of Pizza and Chicken Lou's have serious health infractions and often times, those restaurants are guilty on numerous occasions. At mayorsfoodcourt.com, the Inspections Department has reports on thousands of restaurants in metropolitan Boston. They categorize health infractions into three categories: Foodborne Illness Risk Factor Critical Violation, Critical Violation and Non-Critical Violation. A Foodborne Illness Risk Factor Critical Violation is an infraction that occurs when improper practices or procedures are identified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the prevalent contributing factors of foodborne illness or injury. This is the most serious infraction that a restaurant can have. An example of one such violation is the restaurant not advising customers against ordering uncooked, or rare, meat. A Critica Pizzeria Uno - 280 Huntington Ave. - Inspected September 24, 2003 7 Risk Factor Critical Violations 3 Critical Violations 14 Minor Violations A Taste of Asia - 267 Huntington Ave. - Inspected July 15, 2003 1 Risk Factor Critical Violation 1 Critical Violation 5 Minor Violations Vinny T's of Boston - 867 Boylston St. - Inspected January 29, 2003 4 Risk Factor Critical Violations 2 Critical Violations 15 Minor Violations University House of Pizza - 452 Huntington Ave. - Inspected October 9, 2003 10 Risk Factor Critical Violations 2 Critical Violations 11 Minor Violations To view the entire inspection reports, visit mayorsfoodcourt.com. To make a complaint about a restaurant, visit the website, call the Division of Health Inspections at 617-635-5326 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday or call the mayor's 24-hour hotline at 617-635-4500.

Union Management and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Union Management and Organization - Essay Example Union Management and Organization USA as country was growing due to rapid industrialization during 19th century as subsequently demand for labors was also growing at rapid pace. Historians named the phase as ‘Industrial Revolution† and as the frequency of inclusion of labors in the workforce increased subsequently the fear of insecurity from owners of the industry was automatically generated among workers. At that time, labors came across various examples of mistreatment such as physical abuse, extended work hours etc conducted by the owners of organizations and in such situation, they felt the urge of a protector group who can communicate the demand of labors to owners. As the time passed by, the protector group became the first organized union in USA. In 1837, the union of labors demanded to reduce the work hour and make it of less than 10 hours and finally organizations were compelled to grant the legislation of ten-hour workdays. After the success of first attempt to form organized labor union, small level city unions had organized and successfully established National Labor Union during 1866 (Murray, 2011). National Labor Union lobbied for Federal eight-hour workday but the demand was set for only government workers. At that time, two separate groups were also formed American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Knights of Labor in order to protect interest of workers. During late 19th century and early 20th century, valuation of unskilled labor pool in USA decreased due to the fact that owners of the organization had started to replace the unskilled workers by immigrants. As a result, unskilled workers in USA became vulnerable to low wages and poor working condition and these labors organized riots and strike in order to get their demands noticed (Murray, 2011). For example, strike by United Mine workers and Pullman Railroad workers in Pennsylvania were ended by Federal Government interventions. In many instances, AFL pressed Federal Congress to amend Union Labor Law and U.S. Departm ent of Labor was created in order to protect the rights and interest of wage earners. For example, Clayton Act was passed in 1914 in order to legalize boycotts and strikes. However, the situation had changed during Great Depression because during Great Depression, unemployment rate in USA significantly increased. At that time, legal act like Fair Labor Standards Act and Public Contracts Act were passed in order to address issues like child labor, overtime pay and minimum wage. Unionization had lost its wind during World War II and labor organization took no-strike policy at that time. After the War, Civil Rights Acts and Equal Pay Act were passed during 1960’s in order to address discrimination in workplace. After understanding the historical context of Union Labor Management, the essay will shed light on actions of unions and management to determine basic compliance with the major U.S. federal labor laws. According to draft published by U.S Department of Labor (2011), there should be an Administrator which will direct and supervise the actions of unions and management in the organization. According to the direction of Administrator, management and unions should appoint, select and classify labors in accordance to their merit. Unions should contact management regarding any discrimination in terms of wage, racial, working hour etc and both of them should take actions

Staff Report on Special Permit Request Assignment

Staff Report on Special Permit Request - Assignment Example The money circulation, good infrastructures, supporting services has made the town to have the best suitable entrepreneurial environment for businesses and firms. According to the 2008 community survey of the city of East Lansing on satisfaction levels of city services showed that about 90% of the residents agree that there is better services and good quality of life in the town. Majority of people are in support that the town is the excellent place to bring-up children (City Center II pp. 1). The city of East Lansing does provide a number of economic development initiates to majority of business which includes: Brownfield redevelopment which is a tax increment financing, downtown development which is an initiative by the down town development authority which does support projects redevelopment in urban sites and create a mix use projects that is carried out using assistance like public infrastructure and direct support for projects, entrepreneurial support by giving a technological based incubators to business in down town. Other loan programs are also offered by down town development authority locations in the town (City Center II pp. 1). 2.1 Zoning and uses of properties. ... ain an attractive community appearance and providing desirable living environments for residents by preserving the owners’ characters in the neighbourhood. The zones in Lansing do exceed expectations of the majority of the people living in the community. Within the town, one will be able to find diverse cultures, talents which go hand in hand with affordability, diverse and quality of services. Proximity to Michigan University provides enough workforces to the town. The population in the Michigan capital city does provide enough demand for goods and services. The council provides other services to the people around; the town contains river trails, excellent hospitals and other institutions like Lansing community college. The town is strategically located with Chicago being 220 miles away. Majority of the properties are used only as one family residential area (City Center II pp. 1). 2.2 Suitability of property to restricted zone residents The properties were to support the res idents of the region in a number of ways: it would support the city councils management in setting or laying down comprehensive city plans, housing plans, and downtown development and strategic plans. It would support west plan by providing a 5 year parking master plan. In support of the housing and residential sectors, it would provide quality to home owners by helping in renovations of obsolete buildings and providing residential houses for the emerging growing urban populations. The set up will provide a vertical urban development which will portray a number of mix uses including: restaurants and hostels. Socially it would integrate arts and cultures of the diverse populations living in the down town urban environment. The project will be beneficial to the transport and infrastructure

Dhaping human behaviour Essay Example for Free

Dhaping human behaviour Essay Socialisation is the lifelong process by which human behaviour is shaped through experience in social institutions (e.g. family, which is a crucial factor in primary socialisation). Through socialization, individuals learn the values, norms (formal and informal rules), and beliefs of a given society.  In considering the nature of the self, it is necessary to include a still more fundamental social scientific issue the extent to which human beings are being formed by biological inheritance (i.e. genetic determinism), or through socialisation (i. e. cultural determinism); the issue called nature-nurture debate. Another way to put this is the difference between instinct and learned behaviour, where instinct is inherited, and learned behaviour acquired through socialisation. Sociologists does not really consider instinctive behaviour; therefore, most sociologists would only accept there are inborn needs of food, shelter and sex. Other than these three, sociologists prefer the fact that human behaviour is shaped by social experience rather than that it is biologically given.  However, although the direction of sociology is towards social explanation, there is no contradiction between social and biological explanations of behaviour. It is just a matter of empirical research by biologists, sociologists, social biologists and by other relevant subject specialists to find explanations of human behaviour. According to sociologist Charles Cooley, there are two types of socialisation: primary and secondary. Those factors that are involved in primary socialisation are usually small, involve face-to-face interaction and communication and allow the individual to express the whole self, both feelings and intellect. Usually, those factors are the family, peer groups, of close friends and closely-knit groups of neighbours. Within these groups, through personal experience, the individual learns primary values such as love, loyalty, justice, sharing, and etc. Freud claimed that the first few years of a persons life those usually spent amongst primary groups are the most important in forming the structure of the persons character. In contrast, secondary groups are usually large, more impersonal and formally organised, and exist for specific purposes. In the secondary stage, the individual learns by himself or herself more values and norms which are to be applied for the individual to fit in. This includes learning how to organise and conduct oneself in formal contexts (backgrounds) and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of status and authority. One of the crucial agents of secondary socialisation is school. Trade unions and professional associations, also secondary socialisation agents, can affect an individuals behaviour when an individual agrees to conform to the beliefs, aims and regulations of the organisation. Therefore, indirectly, the individual accepts a socialising influence on his or her conduct. In both primary and secondary groups, the mass media (e.g. radio, television, the cinema) also plays a vital part in socialising individuals. For example during primary socialisation, by watching certain cartoons, a child (although indirectly) can already be socialised of his or her gender roles, such as patriarchal ideology (e.g. where the cartoon might portray the girl as the weaker one, always being bullied and being the helpless, damsel in distress; while the boy will then be the hero). Later, during secondary socialisation, magazines (a form of mass media) can also reinforce gender roles such as saying that girls must learn to cook so that they could cook for their husbands later in marriage. One way of studying the role of society in shaping human behaviour is to examine the development of individuals who were either completely or nearly excluded from any social interaction for a period of their lives. This includes cases of those who spent most of their childhood isolated from others in the wild (such as the Wild boy of Aveyron and the two girls, Wolf children of Bengal) and those who were cut off from others through confinement (imprisonment), also during childhood (such as the cases of Anna and Isabelle). The case of the wolf children revealed that their behaviour was very similar to the wolves that had apparently raised them. They preferred raw meat, moved on all fours and lacked any form of speech. There is a more recent case described by ODonnell where a 14 year old boy found in the Syrian desert had exceptional speed and had adopted some of the behavioural characteristics of the gazelles he was found with.

The History of Feminine Fiction:Exploring Laura Runge’s Article, Gender

The History of Feminine Fiction:Exploring Laura Runge’s Article, Gendered Strategies in the Criticism of Early Fiction Laura Runge is an assistant professor of English at the University of South Florida. In her article, "Gendered Strategies in the Criticism of Early Fiction," Runge argues that, during the eighteenth century, the overdetermined gendered association between the female reader and the female writer excluded the female novelist from literary excellence and ultimately led to the inferior status of fictional writing. While the novel became recognized as a feminine genre, criticism ignored the achievement of female authors and became overtly masculine. In defining literary achievement by male standards, criticism reinforced the subordinate role of women in both the British culture and literature. Runge says it is the gendered literary hierarchy, established in the criticism of the eighteenth century, that makes it difficult to evaluate the history of the entire novel. As the social and economic conditions of eighteenth century Britain shifted from a family based system to one dependent on industry, women were no longer valuable as workers. This transition allowed for the developing reading habits of the middleclass woman as they were left with more free time. However, the cultural definition of females compromised the feminized genre. As women were defined as subordinate to men, their literature was reduced by critics to "bad-fiction." One critic wrote, "So long at the British ladies continue to encourage our hackney scribblers, by reading every romance that appears, we need not wonder that the press should swarm with such poor insignificant productions" (365). Despite the presumed inferiority of fiction, authors, ... ...bsequently, the only success females were acknowledged for or granted was as the provider of domestic morality. Gendered strategies, in the criticism of early fiction, made feminine fiction incapable of excellence. By using conventional heterosexual relationships in their prefaces, authors only succeed in supporting the masculine control over fiction. The appraisals women gained only reinforced their inferior status. "Criticism placed female authors in a specific and confined critical sphere, while it located male authors in an other, more respected field" (375). By aligning their works with popular male literature, women inadvertently strengthened male authority. Women were only granted recognition in terms of their limited social stature. It is these gendered values and strategies that makes the history of the novel and feminine achievement difficult to assess.

Marketing Considerations and Plans Essay

McDonald is one of the most internationally recognizable companies within the hospitality industry. Although I have not worked with McDonald ever, I am quite familiar with it as one of closest friends has been working with the marketing team of this restaurant chain for last four years. He keeps telling me about his company, how it runs its business so that it can maintain its top position within the fast food sector world wide. Apart from listening to my friend about his company, I also do research on McDonald by reading stories relating to McDonald published in various magazines, newspapers and on various websites as I am a fond of McDonald food staffs and love this fast food restaurant chain. McDonald Corporation listed in New York stock exchange has emerged as one of the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurants. It is most popular for its hamburger. Its customer base is so huge that worldwide it sells its products to around 47 million people on daily basis. The menu of McDonalds includes various sorts of burgers like hamburgers, cheese burgers etc. , products made of chicken, different sorts of breakfast items, French fries, various kinds of shakes, desserts and soft drinks. Mcdonald’s, however, quite often gets criticized over the healthiness of its products. These products are considered to be one of the important factors which are taking active part in increasing obesity in the western countries. The company, however, has made some effective measures in response to the rising obesity trend in the western countries and the criticism over the healthiness of its signature products. It has made some modifications to its menu by introducing several healthy food items like different types of salads, wraps and fruits. In spite of getting criticized over the healthiness of its products and having increasing competition within the industry, McDonald has been able to maintain its strong position within the industry it operates in. Its popularity has not decreased. Thus it would be quite interesting to look at the sources of its competitive advantage which have helped it to win the competition. In order to examine the sources of competitive advantage of McDonald, the strengths of the company will be analyzed in detail as strength of any company can be defined as a distinctive competence of the firm that gives it a competitive advantage in the market place. A firm can gain its strength from its financial resources, the image of its brand, leadership quality within the market and buyer-supplier relationships. (Competitive advantage, 2010; Ghosh, et al. n. d) In case of McDonald’s, its biggest strength is its brand image. Since McDonald’s is one of the most known chains of fast food in the world, its brand recognition seems to be its biggest strength. Its marketing campaign always focuses on brand recognition through continuous promotion of the brand name. Through its extensive marketing campaign world wide the company has been able to create an image in the people’s minds and introduce them to the fast food culture. Its customer base ranges from kinds to old generation. It has nearly 30,000 branches in as many as 120 nations across the world. However, 80 percent of its revenues are generated from the market of eight countries including US, UK, Japan, Australia, Canada, France, Brazil and Germany. The company has been able to expand its stores on the basis of three core strengths- cleanliness, delivery speed and customer care. McDonald has created a corporate symbol and through its highly successful marketing campaigns all round the world it has been able to develop a brand image and establish its logo in the minds of the people across the world. People are attracted to this logo and brand image and this attraction brings them to the stores. Although a number of competitors have emerged in the fast food industry, its rigorous marketing campaigns which are based on the company’s internal resources, external conditions and its relations with its shareholders have been able to strongly maintain its brand value in the market. (Ghosh, et al. n. d; Vijayarani, n. d. ) The brand name will not work in longer run unless brand value is mixed up with high quality product value. In order to obtain and maintain a strong position in the market, every company needs to use an appropriate marketing mix and product occupies one of the most significant positions within the marketing mix. Product value has been one of the greatest strengths of McDonald’s. When a customer enters into a McDonald’s store he/she know what to expect. The company places huge importance on its human resource and takes appropriate steps to satisfy it customers as well as its employees. As far as the product related issue is concerned, the company is also found to be quite innovative in introducing new products according to changing trends and tastes of the people. Not only that, it also offers different menu to the people living in different countries according to their tastes and the country’s culture. Fro example, in India it offers a menu which is completely different from its international offerings. In the stores situated in India, it has eliminated ham, mutton and beef burgers from the menu. India is found to be the only country where McDonald offers vegetarian menu. Which is more interesting is sauces, cheese etc, are also completely vegetarian in India. In India according to changing taste and preference of the customers, it has introduced Chicken Maharaja Mac. Thus the biggest strength of McDonald lies in the fact that it brings an internationally reputed brand with high class food quality and brilliant customer specific product features. This strength provides the company with huge competitive advantage. Vijayarani, n. d. ; Ghosh, et al. n. d) Till now only the sources of competitive advantages of McDonald have been discussed. But in order to survive amidst strong competition a company has to possess sustainable competitive advantages. Hence, it is now the time to look into sustainable competitive advantages of McDonald’s. For a company, its sustainable competitive advantage can be defined as the advantage which seems to be difficult or unfeasible for other co mpanies to own or infiltrate. The brand value, cost structure, vibrant customer care or its patent can be considered as sustainable competitive advantages for a company. An advantage should be considered as sustainable advantage only if the advantage has a distinct character or it is proprietary in nature. The sources of sustainable competitive advantages for McDonald’s can be as follows: ( Reidenbach and Goeke, 2006; Vijayarani, n. d) – In order to build sustainable competitive advantage there should be a good integration and coordination between the company’s managerial and organizational process. If such integration takes place then there would be created the essential value as everyone will be chasing a common goal. In order to develop sustainable competitive advantage an organization is required to learn and introduce changes according to the need of the time and it should always be flexible towards changes that takes place in the external environment of the company, such as changes in customer’s taste and preferences, changes in government or legal restrictions, and development in the areas of technology. For McDonald’s, one of the principal reason behind surviving within current market competition is that the company is placing its focus on sustainable competitive advantages by making efforts to integrate organizational behavior with managerial expertise. McDonald’s, however, did not recognize the need of building sustainable competitive advantage previously. Earlier McDonald’s used to ignore this advantage as it was more interested in expanding its outlets across the globe than focusing on its core advantages. As a result of it, the company did not experience any massive change in its revenues with opening up of new outlets. In fact, it suffered huge loss unless it recognized the importance of building sustainable competitive advantage. The company was right in detecting the need of the hour and bringing about changes in its management process in order to possess completive edge over its competitors. ( Lamb et al. 2008; Levy and Weitz, 2001) – A company can obtain an excellent position in the market through its financial, structural, and technological assets. All these assets significantly help in building sustainable competitive advantage for an organization. McDonald’s has been able to obtain a strong position in the market by its abundant financial resources along with plentiful structural and technological assets. Since 2003, the company has started to concentrate on identifying and implementing these assets in right direction that would bring improvement to the company. Thus these assets build one of the greatest advantages for the company. (Lamb et al. 2008; Levy and Weitz, 2001) Apart from all these, the vision and mission with which the company started its journey can be considered as one of the biggest competitive advantage fro McDonald’s. McDonald’s ability to sustain its dream over the years has provided it with a huge competitive advantage over its competitors. When a brand revolves around its vision in order to sustain and work in lieu with it, this results in developing significant sustainable competitive advantage for the brand. The McDonald’s started its business in order to help those people who did not have much time to cook or were too busy to go to an appropriate restaurant. The vision of McDonald’s was to offer quick service, and high quality food staffs at cheap rate. Over the years the company has been able to sustain this vision. Lamb et al. 2008; Levy and Weitz, 2001) Thus to sum it up it can be said that McDonald’s has been able to implement its best value based strategy by utilizing all its advantages which are unique to it and can not be copied by any of its competitors and thus it has build its competitive advantages which the company has been able to sustain over the years.

Movie Industry Essay

1)What competitive forces have challenged the movie industry? The movie industry is challenged by increased levels of high-speed Internet access, improved PCs with DVD readers and writers, easy-to-carry video devices, and leading-edge file-sharing services. These forces make the video download easier and faster than ever before. 2)What problems have these forces created? Meanwhile, benefits are not the only things came with these competitive forces, problems came as well. The movie industry has a recession. They cannot make revenue as much as before by releasing movies, people more like to download a free movie or even it is illegal rather than buy tickets or buy a DVD home. At the same time, these free download things also involve copyright infringement. Most of these download sources are from people who have no permission to upload these movies or clips. 3) What changes have these problems caused the movie and television studios to make? Movie companies have to make some changes to adapt to the market. They cooperate with sites such as CinemaNow and Movielink to sell downloadable movies online with a 24-hour watch time limitation. Describe the impact of disruptive technology on the companies discussed in this case. YouTube, a video-sharing website, started their operation up in 2005. Many YouTubers upload movies or movie clips without permission which infringe the right of major studios, including NBC Universal, Time Warner’s Warner Brothers Entertainment, and News Corporation’s Twentieth Century Fox. YouTube cannot deal with this situation well, because hot movie clips are from multiple users and they can be moved as quickly as they were posted. Major studios have a recession on the DVD market, and this infringement behavior leads they lose money in cinemas. Q3. 1)How have the movie studios responded to YouTube? The movie studios are seeking $1. 25 billion from YouTube. And before 2007, after Google purchased YouTube, the movie studios seek a way to cooperate with YouTube about establishing licensing agreements which make copyright content available legally. 2)What is the goal of the response? The goal of the response is to protect their rights from infringement. And their negotiation shows that the movie studios have realized it is important to put more attention to online digital market. The movie industry should move forward to a new potential market. 3) What can the movie studios learn from the music industry’s dealings with online digital music and copyright infringement? The movie studios should know it is an irresistible trend that improvements of the movie and music markets move towards to digitized media. Digitized media can promote new releases on time-saving and money-saving bases. And it is important protect copyright if you do not want to lose revenue in a biggest movie and music market. Q4. Should motion picture companies continue to use YouTube to promote their new films? Why or why not? Motion picture companies should continue to use YouTube to promote their new releases. There are three reasons. First, promotion on YouTube is time-saving. YouTube, this heavy traffic website, has millions of visitors which are much more than other video-sharing websites. Thousands of people around the world upload, download, watch and comment on YouTube every second. YouTubers can see a new release at the same time its promotion posted. Second, it is more money-saving. Promotion online saves the cost of advertising expenses (prints and related fees), DVDs stocks, shipping expenses and salaries of salesperson and other expenses in real-life stores. Third, it is trend that world is becoming smaller because of the Internet, and online promotion or release will be the most efficient way for a new product.

Cross Cultural Perspectives essays

Cross Cultural Perspectives essays Assignment in Cross Cultural Perspectives As a result of possessing two very different cultural backgrounds (German, Uruguayan) we have chosen to select the most crucial points of cultural clashes between European and South American cultures and analyze both, the practical and theoretical issues which are involved. Due to the strict word limit, just three concepts are discussed in detail. - The concept of cultural complexity - And as a cultural characteristic the issue of time The Kolbenschmidt AG, a German supplier for the automotive industry owns a subsidiary in Uruguay named Santa Rosa Auto Motores. Mr. Hedden, the General Manager from Kolbenschmidt is not satisfied with the recent sales figures from Santa Rosa in Uruguay. He decides to send Dr. Lser, a very experienced and trusted sales manager with excellent Spanish skills to Uruguay, in order to replace the current sales manager. Seeing it as a challenge, Dr. Lser accepts the job despite the fact of having no previous experience in the South American market. Mr. Hernandez, Santa Rosas local general manager agrees to Mr. Heddens plan after a fierce discussion regarding the introduction of a foreign manager in the completely Uruguayan staffed company. At his first day in office he finds Mr. Hernandez absent due to heavy bronchitis and therefore introduces himself directly to his 10 subordinates. He is surprised that all employees introduce themselves with their first name. Due to his superior rank he decides, as usual in Germany to stick to his last name and title. He realizes that the atmosphere is tense but he is sure that this will improve during the first couple of weeks. He decides to ask the key account salesman Cesar Rodriguez to come in his office to discuss market trends and sales forecasts but finds him on the phone. Dr. Lser: Cesar, please come and see me in my office and bring the newest sales forecast! Cesar...

Prepare a case study of a successful entrepreneur. Analyse why the Essay

Prepare a case study of a successful entrepreneur. Analyse why the entrepreneur was successful - Essay Example The company finds itself among the leading specialists dealing with food in the Asia countries. It specializes in the production of paprika, chili and other blends of spices. Its supplies in the Asian stocks is great that independently goes over eighty percent of the east end range in addition to the major multiples in the United Kingdom. East ends food Plc have been experiencing this for more than four decades in the markets across the Asian countries before being acknowledged as the best company in the region. The founder, Tony deep, came to United Kingdom just as a migrant of economy. Four years after his entry, he decided to put up his ideas into a working business. Before starting this business, Tony had no previous business experience. He was just a migrant who was looking for better life opportunity in a foreign country. He had not owned any other company initially, and East ends foods Plc was his first company he was attempting to start. With the help of his brothers, Tony managed to develop his ideas into an international business that managed to focus in importing lentils, spices and rice among other things. In the early days of East Ends food Plc, Tony saw is it as an important element if he had to maintain the contacts of the farmers. In addition, train them on how to grow food using inputs that are natural and minimize any use of inorganic chemicals and the use of pesticides. As a result, East Ends food Plc products have virtually no trace of inorganic chemical or pesticide in the products that they sell. To his entrepreneurship approach that he was displaying during my conversation with him, Tony deep seemed to be having an inventor-researcher approach that he has been applying in the business progress and development. This approach has been effective to his business progress since he does not possess the skills that are needed to apply practically to help in turning his creativity into innovation. This approach, therefore, helps him bridge

Research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Research methods - Assignment Example In addition, this project will generate both employment and wealth. On behalf of the Ministry of transport and the sponsor Ministry of finance, the project will be implemented in two phases with various contracts, under the supervision of the Saudi railways organisation. The civil works in charge of the construction of civil works for the route such as earth work and bridges has been awarded to one Consortium of four contractors, three Saudi companies and one Chinese company. The work started in April 2009 for a total period of three years and total value of 6.5 billion Saudi Riyal. The construction of four passenger stations was awarded to one Saudi-Turkish Consortium of two companies, Jeddah central and King Abdullah Economic City awarded to Saudi consortium of two companies. The trains and railway infrastructure and systems that encompasses all civil and infrastructure work that was not included in phase one, procurement of rolling stock, tracks and systems, in addition to operation and maintenance of the transportation system for a period of 12 years after commissioning. This contract was awarded to Saudi-Spanish Consortium in January 2012 for a total of 34 months. The Operation Control Centre (OCC) located in the area of the Jeddah Station will ensure and control a high level of safety and security through monitoring by several integrated systems, the automatic train traffic control and security functions, telecommunications network in order to provide radio contact between train and ground, providing on board and on ground security systems with many functions and services. The Supervisory Control and Data Control that will monitor the power supply systems , a Closed Circuit Television system that will be used to monitor the whole railway line and building security systems. The minimum spacing between the trains is set at four minutes and according to